Leadership Theories From Mahatma Gandhi To Winston Management Essay

Leadership Theories From Mahatma Gandhi To Winston Management Essay From Mahatma Gandhi to Winston Churchill to Martin Luther King, there are as many leadership styles as there are leaders. Fortunately, businesspeople and psychologists have developed useful and simple ways to describe the main styles of leadership, and these can help aspiring leaders understand which styles they should use. So, whether you manage a team at work, captain a sports team, or lead a major corporation, which approach is best? Consciously, or subconsciously, youll probably use some of the leadership styles in this article at some point. Understanding these styles and their impact can help you develop your own, personal leadership style and help you become a more effective leader. With this in mind, there are many different frameworks that have shaped our current understanding of leadership, and many of these have their place, just as long as theyre used appropriately. This article looks at some of the most common frameworks, and then looks at popular styles of leadership. Leadership Theories Researchers have developed a number of leadership theories over the years. These fall into four main groups: 1. Behavioral theories What does a good leader do? Behavioral theories focus on how leaders behave. Do they dictate what needs to be done and expect cooperation? Or do they involve the team in decisions to encourage acceptance and support? In the 1930s, Kurt Lewin developed a leadership framework based on a leaders decision-making behavior. Lewin argued that there are three types of leaders: Autocratic leaders make decisions without consulting their teams. This is considered appropriate when decisions genuinely need to be taken quickly, when theres no need for input, and when team agreement isnt necessary for a successful outcome. Democratic leaders allow the team to provide input before making a decision, although the degree of input can vary from leader to leader. This type of style is important when team agreement matters, but it can be quite difficult to manage when there are lots of different perspectives and ideas. Laissez-faire leaders dont interfere; they allow people within the team to make many of the decisions. This works well when the team is highly capable and motivated, and when it doesnt need close monitoring or supervision. However, this style can arise because the leader is lazy or distracted, and, here, this approach can fail. Similar to Lewins model, the Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid helps you decide how best to lead, depending on your concern for people versus your concern for production. The model describes five different leadership styles: impoverished, country club, team leader, produce or perish, or middle of the road. The descriptions of these will help you understand your own leadership habits and adapt them to meet your teams needs. Clearly, then, how leaders behave impacts on their effectiveness. Researchers have realized, though, that many of these leadership behaviors are appropriate at different times. So, the best leaders are those who can use many different behavioral styles and use the right style for each situation. 2. Contingency theories How does the situation influence good leadership? The realization that there isnt one correct type of leader led to theories that the best leadership style is contingent on, or depends on, the situation. These theories try to predict which leadership style is best in which circumstance. When a decision is needed fast, which style is preferred? When the leader needs the full support of the team, is there a better way to lead? Should a leader be more people oriented or task oriented? These are all examples of questions that contingency leadership theories try to address. A popular contingency-based framework is the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory, which links leadership style with the maturity of individual members of the leaders team. 3. Trait theories What type of person makes a good leader? Trait theories argue that leaders share a number of common personality traits and characteristics, and that leadership emerges from these traits. Early trait theories promoted the idea that leadership is an innate, instinctive quality that you either have or dont have. Thankfully, weve moved on from this approach, and were learning more about what we can do as individuals to develop leadership qualities within ourselves and others. Whats more, traits are external behaviors that emerge from things going on within the leaders mind and its these internal beliefs and processes that are important for effective leadership. Trait theory does, however, help us identify some qualities that are helpful when leading others and, together, these emerge as a generalized leadership style. Examples include empathy, assertiveness, good decision-making, and likability. In our article Building TomorrowHYPERLINK http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_62.htmHYPERLINK http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_62.htms Leaders, we discuss a series of attributes that are important for all types of leaders to develop. However, none of these traits, nor any combination of them, will guarantee success as a leader. You need more than that. 4. Power and influence theories What is the source of the leaders power? Power and influence theories of leadership take an entirely different approach. Theyre based on the different ways in which leaders use power and influence to get things done, and the leadership styles that emerge as a result. Perhaps the most well known of these theories is French and RavenHYPERLINK http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_56.htmHYPERLINK http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_56.htms Five Forms of Power. This model distinguishes between using your position to exert power, and using your personal attributes to be powerful. French and Raven identified three types of positional power legitimate, reward, and coercive and two sources of personal power expert and referent (your personal appeal and charm). The model suggests that using personal power is the better alternative and, because Expert Power (the power that comes with being a real expert in the job) is the most legitimate of these, that you should actively work on building this. Similarly, leading by example is another highly effective way to establish and sustain a positive influence with your team. Another valid leadership style thats supported by power and influence theories is Transactional Leadership. This approach assumes that work is done only because it is rewarded, and for no other reason, and it therefore focuses on designing tasks and reward structures. While it may not be the most appealing leadership strategy in terms of building relationships and developing a long-term motivating work environment, it does work, and its used in most organizations on a daily basis to get things done. An Up-to-Date Understanding of Leadership Within all of these theories, frameworks, and approaches to leadership, theres an underlying message that leaders need to have a variety of factors working in their favor. Effective leadership is not simply based on a set of attributes, behaviors, or influences. You must have a wide range of abilities and approaches that you can draw upon. Having said this, however, theres one leadership style that is appropriate in very many corporate situations that of Transformational Leadership. A leader using this style: Has integrity. Sets clear goals. Clearly communicates a vision. Sets a good example. Expects the best from the team. Encourages. Supports. Recognizes good work and people. Provides stimulating work. Helps people see beyond their self-interests and focus more on team interests and needs. Inspires. In short, transformational leaders are exceptionally motivating, and theyre trusted. When your team trusts you, and is really fired up by the way you lead, you can achieve great things! The transformational leadership style is the dominant leadership style taught in our How to Lead: Discover the Leader Within You program, although we do recommend that other styles are brought in as the situation demands. Having said that Transformational Leadership suits very many circumstances in business, we need to remember that there may be situations where its not the best style. This is why its worth knowing about the other styles shown below so that you have a greater chance of finding the right combination for the situation you find yourself in. Popular Leadership Styles A Glossary The leadership theories and styles discussed so far fit within formal theoretical frameworks. However, many more terms are used to describe leadership styles, even if these dont fit within a particular system. Its worth understanding these! 1. Autocratic leadership Autocratic leadership is an extreme form of transactional leadership, where leaders have absolute power over their workers or team. Staff and team members have little opportunity to make suggestions, even if these would be in the teams or the organizations best interest. Most people tend to resent being treated like this. Therefore, autocratic leadership often leads to high levels of absenteeism and staff turnover. However, for some routine and unskilled jobs, the style can remain effective because the advantages of control may outweigh the disadvantages. 2. Bureaucratic leadership Bureaucratic leaders work by the book. They follow rules rigorously, and ensure that their staff follows procedures precisely. This is a very appropriate style for work involving serious safety risks (such as working with machinery, with toxic substances, or at dangerous heights) or where large sums of money are involved (such as handling cash). 3. Charismatic leadership A charismatic leadership style can seem similar to transformational leadership, because these leaders inspire lots of enthusiasm in their teams and are very energetic in driving others forward. However, charismatic leaders can tend to believe more in themselves than in their teams, and this creates a risk that a project, or even an entire organization, might collapse if the leader leaves. In the eyes of the followers, success is directly connected to the presence of the charismatic leader. As such, charismatic leadership carries great responsibility, and it needs a long-term commitment from the leader. 4. Democratic leadership or participative leadership Although democratic leaders make the final decisions, they invite other members of the team to contribute to the decision-making process. This not only increases job satisfaction by involving team members, but it also helps to develop peoples skills. Team members feel in control of their own destiny, so theyre motivated to work hard by more than just a financial reward. Because participation takes time, this approach can take longer, but often the end result is better. The approach can be most suitable when working as a team is essential, and when quality is more important than speed to market, or productivity. 5. Laissez-faire leadership This French phrase means leave it be, and its used to describe leaders who leave their team members to work on their own. It can be effective if the leader monitors whats being achieved and communicates this back to the team regularly. Most often, laissez-faire leadership is effective when individual team members are very experienced and skilled self-starters. Unfortunately, this type of leadership can also occur when managers dont apply sufficient control. 6. People-oriented leadership or relations-oriented leadership This is the opposite of task-oriented leadership. With people-oriented leadership, leaders are totally focused on organizing, supporting, and developing the people in their teams. Its a participative style, and it tends to encourage good teamwork and creative collaboration. In practice, most leaders use both task-oriented and people-oriented styles of leadership. 7. Servant leadership This term, created by Robert Greenleaf in the 1970s, describes a leader who is often not formally recognized as such. When someone, at any level within an organization, leads simply by meeting the needs of the team, he or she is described as a servant leader. In many ways, servant leadership is a form of democratic leadership, because the whole team tends to be involved in decision making. Supporters of the servant leadership model suggest that its an important way to move ahead in a world where values are increasingly important, and where servant leaders achieve power on the basis of their values and ideals. Others believe that in competitive leadership situations, people who practice servant leadership can find themselves left behind by leaders using other leadership styles. 8. Task-Oriented leadership Highly task-oriented leaders focus only on getting the job done, and they can be quite autocratic. They actively define the work and the roles required, put structures in place, plan, organize, and monitor. However, because task-oriented leaders dont tend to think much about the well-being of their teams, this approach can suffer many of the flaws of autocratic leadership, with difficulties in motivating and retaining staff. 9. Transactional leadership This style of leadership starts with the idea that team members agree to obey their leader totally when they accept a job. The transaction is usually the organization paying the team members in return for their effort and compliance. The leader has a right to punish team members if their work doesnt meet the pre-determined standard. Team members can do little to improve their job satisfaction under transactional leadership. The leader could give team members some control of their income/reward by using incentives that encourage even higher standards or greater productivity. Alternatively, a transactional leader could practice management by exception rather than rewarding better work, the leader could take corrective action if the required standards are not met. Transactional leadership is really a type of management, not a true leadership style, because the focus is on short-term tasks. It has serious limitations for knowledge-based or creative work, however it can be effective in other situations. 10. Transformational leadership As we discussed earlier, people with this leadership style are true leaders who inspire their teams constantly with a shared vision of the future. While this leaders enthusiasm is often passed onto the team, he or she can need to be supported by detail people. Thats why, in many organizations, both transactional and transformational leadership are needed. The transactional leaders (or managers) ensure that routine work is done reliably, while the transformational leaders look after initiatives that add new value. Key Points While the transformational leadership approach is often highly effective, theres no one right way to lead or manage that fits all situations. To choose the most effective approach for yourself, consider the following: The skill levels and experience of your team. The work involved (routine, or new and creative). The organizational environment (stable or radically changing, conservative or adventurous). You own preferred or natural style. Good leaders often switch instinctively between styles, according to the people they lead and the work that needs to be done. Establish trust thats key to this process and remember to balance the needs of the organization against the needs of your team.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essays -- Charles Dickens Great Ex

Charles Dickens' Great Expectations One of Dickens’ most popular novels ‘Great Expectations’ is a griping search for identity- the narrator’s self-identity Pip has been born into a difficult world in the early years of the 19th Century. Philip Pirrip is the narrator of ‘Great Expectations’. In the book he is known as Pip. He called himself Pip because as a young child his infant tongue could only get across to Pip. I the first few chapters of the book he is described as a timid, sensitive and guilt-ridden person. His parents had died earlier, probably due to poverty. Pip is living with his sister, who intimidates him in every form. We realise his intimidation when he arrives late from the graveyard, â€Å"I twisted the only button on my waistcoat round and round, and looked in great depress at the fire. Tickler was a wax-ended piece of cane, worn smooth by collision with my tickled frame† I see a parallel between Dickens and Pip. Dickens’s lived in an over-crowded place when he was young. His parents had no intentions of sending him to school. He spent his days running errands and doing chores around the house also his younger sister died of smallpox just like, Pip’s brothers and sisters. Dickens was very concerned with social issues like poverty. At the time when the book was written, there was a very high level of infant mortality, which was made worse by deaths among poor adults, hence the number of orphans. The first meeting with Magwitch is in the churchyard, where Pip is lost in childish absorption grappling with his family’s fate. His state of mind is very unstable when Pip is grabbed violently and the convict threatened to cut his throat if he was to make noise. Pip imagines Magwitch as a pir... ...r. Pip felt, Estella looked down on him because he was poor and not a gentleman. Pip was asked to play, but he didn’t know how to ‘play’. Estella lived in a society where her class did not have to work, and we read that Pip wanted to leave when he was told to ‘play’ because he did not understand the word ‘play’. In chapter 9, when Pip returns home his shame will not allow him to tell the truth to his sister and Pumblechook so he is exaggerates. We see that Pip is telling Joe about his real feelings about his trip to ‘Satis House’. Unlike the theft, which he kept secret, he eventually confides to Joe because he knows Joe will keep an open mind and he is the only one person he can speak to without being punished and having a guilty conscience. What he is confiding to Joe is his shame as a working-class person and how he must change in order to win Estella.

Demand vs Supply Essay

The two main driving forces of the economy are supply and demand. Understanding the basic concepts of supply and demand can help an organization focus on the bottom line. According to Gretzen (2007), demand is the relationship between price and quantity. Supply refers to the amount of a good or service available at any particular price. The principle of supply and demand describes a balance that develops between the supply of an item or service and the demand for it (Kleinman, 2009). Economics plays a major role in the health care industry. As a resource, the health care workforce is a determinant of the balance between supply and demand. The health care workforce consists of nurses, physicians, and other ancillary health care workers such as certified nurses’ aides (CNA’s) and patient care associates (PCA’s). The supply of health care workers directly impacts the demand of quality care rendered to patients. SERVICE OR PRODUCT Health care organizations have specific stated missions and visions to map out their fundamental way of operation. In health care, the workforce is instrumental in assisting with the organizational delivery of services to consumers (patients). The primary issue for all health care workforce personnel is that of inadequate staffing. This paper focuses on the staffing effectiveness of supplemental staffing of health care personnel within the inpatient setting. IMPACT Nursing managers formulate staffing patterns on a daily basis. The staffing of inpatient units requires a knowledge of unit census (total bed capacity),  consideration of patient acuity (level of care required for the patient), and skill mix (nursing hours per patient per day and nurse patient ratio) (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). Often times, inadequate staffing is due to a high rate of call outs of sickness or other emergencies. Inadequate staffing directly impacts patient safety and quality of care. All health care titles render supplemental staffing coverage in one of two ways, overtime and through per-diem agencies. Overtime employment provides regular full time employees with monies set at a rate of time and half for any extra work completed over the prescribed 40 hours a week. Per-diem agencies are outside contractors capable of providing their own qualified titled personnel to fill vacancies with monies defined at a set rate. Patients are admitted to inpatient setting with varied co-morbidities may or may not indirectly increase the necessity of staff. Patients are often admitted for diagnoses of altered mental status, agitation / combativeness, risk for falls, suicidal ideation, and alcohol or drug intoxication. Many patients require a higher level of skilled care, such as turning and repositioning, and assistance with activities of daily living such as toileting and eating. It requires a higher staff to patient ratio to provide safe, effective quality care. PERSPECTIVE AND RATIONALE According to published reports there are key factors affecting the adequacy of the health care workforce. Some key factors include an aging workforce of where 40 percent of practicing physicians are older than 55, and one-third of the nursing workforce is over 50 with a majority of both professionals seeking to retire within the next 10 years (Alliance for Health Reform, 2011). The largest groups of health professionals in the United States are composed of Registered Nurses. Statistically, there is a huge decline in the numbers of nurses within all regions of the U.S. An estimated 118,000 FTE RNs will exit the workforce within the next five years (Staiger, Auerbac, & Buerhaus, 2012). This potentially leaves a major void in terms of numbers of bodies needed to fill vacated positions. Low staffing levels are associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes that are directly sensitive to nursing attention, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, and falls (American Federation of Teachers, 2012). Unintended additional costs  associated with the development of complications in patients are greater than labor savings when units are understaffed. Acquiring pressure ulcers are estimated to cost the health care industry $8.5 billion per year (Kleinman, 2009) Overtime costs and per-diem agency costs can’t stand alone to solve the issues of staffing shortage. Their combined usage enables institutions to deliver optimal health care services to consumers/ patients. The supply of overtime and per-diem staff meets the increased demands of patients. It also assists in the delivery of quality care through services rendered. In terms of patient safety, the potentiality of the risk of injury to patients via falls, medication errors, and or sentinel events decreases. CONCLUSION The United States is a great consumer demand for health care services. The supply of such services is affected by varied factors. These factors directly influence the financial stability of health care organizations. Recessional times cause delays in career and retirement plans for health care professionals. In recessional times, there are noted changes in the supply and demand of the health care workforce. The shortage of registered nurses and providers in the workforce may inadvertently lead to a reduction in health care access for consumers. Inadequate staffing levels place heavy burdens on the nursing staff. Adverse events such as falls, hospital acquired infections and medication errors are potentially painful and life threatening events. Adverse events can result in considerable costs to be paid by the understaffed institution. For this reason alone, supplemental staffing via agency and overtime personnel provides a measure of increased patient safety. The future is trending towards the assistance in the recovery of the health care workforce shortage. It will rely heavily on the provisions made by the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Alliance for health reform, 2011). Recruitment and reinvestment in health care professions especially nurses and physicians will assure sufficient supply of workforce personnel to meet the increased demands of health care economy and its’ consumers( Kaiser Foundation (2012). The Joint Commission bolsters workforce infrastructure through in-service and continuing education, supporting nursing education, and the adoption of set staffing levels based on  competency and skill mix relative to patient mix and acuity (Stanton, 2012). It also supports the establishment of financial incentives for health care organizations investing in nursing and workforce services. REFERENCES Alliance for Health Reform. (April, 2011). Health care workforce: Future Supply vs. Demand. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/publications/medicare / health_care_workforce. American Federation of Teachers. (2012). Issues: Healthcare Staffing. Retrieved from http://www.aft.org/issues/healthcare/staffing/index.cfm Changes in Health Care Financing & Organization. (August, 2009). Issue brief: Impact of the economy on health care. Retrieved from http://www.academyhealth.org /files/hvfo/findings0809.pdf Getzen, T.E. (2007). Health economics and financing. (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Kleinman, C. (2009). Health care supply & demand. Retrieved from http://www.community.advanceweb.com Staiger, D. O., Auerbach, D. I., & Buerhaus, P. I. (2012, April). Registered nurse labor supply and the recession- Are we in a bubble? New England Journal of Medicine, (366), 1463-1465. Stanton, M. (2012). Hospital nurse staffing and quality of care. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/nursestaffing/nursestaff.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (July, 2002). Projected supply, demand, and shortages of registered nurses: 2000- 2020. Retrieved from http://hrsa.gov. The Kaiser Foundation. (2012). Nursing workforce: Background brief. Retrieved from http://www.kaiseredu.org/Issues-Modules

The Role of Women in ‘The Great Gatsby’

What is poverty by Jo Goodwin Parker - 1694 Words

What is Poverty? – Jo Goodwin Parker First impressions: One thing that the reader notices is that Goodwin dives into the subject immediately and questions the reader â€Å"you ask me what is poverty?† in a rhetorical manner as if to describe the absurdity of the question itself. Whether or not the writer is the character portrayed in the essay or that she has adopted a persona is unknown since the author writer has not disclosed much about this work or herself. In any case, we know that the person writing this essay with a narrative style has seen and perhaps experienced poverty even from a disturbingly close proximity. In the first paragraph, Goodwin advises the readers to â€Å"listen without pity† and see everything as if from a distance but the†¦show more content†¦Although this essay has no political undertones, this may be a remark on growing capitalism during the 70’s, when the rich became richer and the poor poorer. Another sad reality the writer shows in the essay is that for the poor there is no season of rest and relaxation. They always have to be up and about, facing life with all its struggles and hardships. In winters and summers both, they have one or the other kind of worry. â€Å"Poverty is hoping it never rains†, â€Å"poverty is cooking without food and cleaning without soap†, â€Å"poverty means insects in your food..† all in all Goodwin shows the readers so many faces of poverty that the reader is left empathizing with her, and comparing their own life to hers, which is the true essence of this work. Not many works have this kind of ability to make a person think, wonder, and evoke the kind of emotions that this essay has been able to do. Poverty does not end at being poor, ill or starving. It goes all the way to shame and humiliation. The worst kind of humiliation comes when asking somebody for help. Like in the case of granny, others also find their way out of helping you because of utter indifference. â€Å"And after spilling the whole shame of your poverty all over the desk between you, you find that this isn’t the right office after all-â€Å". What Goodwin is suggesting here is that for the poor their true companions are the troubles andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of What Is Poverty By Jo Goodwin Parker736 Words   |  3 Pagesdreads of poverty, so naturally we are not educated on what the terrors are. Jo Goodwin Parker informs readers in her short story â€Å"What is Poverty† about what life is like for those who live a harder life than most. She gives people an inside look on what it’s like to have almost nothing. The story is not told so the reader can pity the poor, it is told so we real ize that as big as our problems might seem many people face harder and the message the story is trying to send. Jo Goodwin Parker sends manyRead MoreWhat Is Poverty? By Jo Goodwin Parker And The Poverty Of Equality1001 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty has been a controversial issue in the United States. It has taken lives and has built obstacles for many Americans today. Poverty is a physical and mental handicap to many Americans who are not able to get past this barrier. However, some may argue poverty is just an excuse for those who decide not to put effort. Not to mention, two articles will share their story about the issue of poverty. â€Å"What is poverty?† By Jo Goodwin Parker and â€Å"The Poverty of Equality† by Stephen Moore and Peter FerraraRead MoreEssay on Jo Goodwin Parker. What Is Poverty?1018 Words   |  5 Pages090 December 6, 2010 What is Poverty? Jo Goodwin Parker’s essay, â€Å"What is Poverty?† is about Parker who has personally experienced rural poverty. She explains her story from childhood to adulthood. Parker’s struggles are overwhelming; look at any sentence, the evidence of her daily struggle is there. From her underwear to living arrangements, and everything in between, Parker resides in poverty. In her essay, she says to listen to the story of what poverty is. Then she talks about the differentRead MorePoverty Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesAccounts, Experiences and Scenarios in Poverty Stories and factual experiences provide insight to readers that explicate the reality of any situation. The solutions to poverty become more attainable when accounts from others’ experiences are brought into consideration. In Jo Goodwin Parkers’ â€Å"What is Poverty?,† Lars Eighners’ â€Å"On Dumpster Diving,† Peter Singers’ â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty† and Barbara Ehrenreichs’ â€Å"A Step Back to the Workhouse, † each author expands on personal experiencesRead More Americas Downward Spiral Essay632 Words   |  3 PagesAmericas Downward Spiral In recent years, the economy in the United States has been in what most would see as a recession. American people differ in the way they react to a recession. Some, such as Michael Moore, feel it becomes a downward spiral as big business and it’s stockholders gain more money and power, and it’s workers gain less money and stability. With a loss of stability for the American worker there is a fear of losing their health benefits, social security, pension plan, andRead MoreEssay on Let’s Put an End to Corporate Power and Greed666 Words   |  3 Pagescarrying away with them the primary sources of living of many people. As we saw in Roger and Me, General Motors replaced it’s Flint plant to open new ones in Mexico, laying off 30,000 workers in the process. Flint quickly turned into a ghost town with poverty taking its toll on the common people. The rich got richer, while the poor became poorer. By this time the conditions had become so bad that the Money Magazine described Flint as the worst American city to live in. John Grisham (My Turn: SomewhereRead MorePoverty Is Not For A Decent Job938 Words   |  4 PagesAt this moment in my life I would not consider myself poor but, according to Jo Goodwin Parker’s definition of poverty I am. Parker defines poverty as not having enough money for necessities, none for luxuries or pleasure, is a single parent, has very little education, and has little or no access to healthcare. I am still in school so obviously I do not have the proper education to get a decent job. With the part time job that I do have I don’t make enough money to have that many luxuries. If itRead MoreDo You Want Lies With That?1039 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Do You Want Lies With That? Summary In his article â€Å"Do You Want Lies With That? by Morgan Spurlock, the author is telling his audience about consumerism and over consumption with Americans as a hole. He begins by informing the reader about what we should and should not be put in mouths and is why we get warning labels now. He continues the article talking about how many people smoke and why so many do not smoke now. Huge lawsuits from the nineties forced changes in the way people viewed tobaccoRead MoreEssay on What is Poverty?1079 Words   |  5 Pages What do you consider poverty to be? Do you have a definitive explanation of it or do you consider it an abstract circumstance? In the article What is Poverty?, Jo Goodwin Parker gives her ideas on what poverty is. First given as a speech, this article is written as an attack on human emotion. Her use of connotative language creates many harsh images of her experiences in a life of poverty. By using these images, Parker is capable of causing the reader to feel many emotions and forcesRead MoreExamples Of Poverty Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Shame in Poverty Accounts The solutions to poverty are plentiful when accounts from others’ experiences are brought into consideration. Stories and experiences provide insight to readers that explicate the reality of any situation. In â€Å"What is Poverty† â€Å"On Dumpster Diving† â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics† and â€Å"The Singer Solution,† each article expands on personal experiences and situations to open the reader to various viewpoints on how poverty is perceived by society, as well as how it is perceived by those

Questions On Generic Ankle Exercises - 719 Words

Generic Ankle Exercises Ask your health care provider which exercises are safe for you. Do exercises exactly as told by your health care provider and adjust them as directed. You should not feel pain when you do these exercises. Stop right away if you feel any pain. Do not begin these exercises until told by your health care provider. STRETCHING AND RANGE OF MOTION EXERCISES These exercises warm up your muscles and joints and improve the movement and flexibility of your ankle. These exercises also help to relieve pain, numbness, and tingling. Exercises A: Dorsi/Plantar Flexion Sit with your knee straight or bent. Flex your ankle to bring the top of your foot up. Hold this position for seconds. Flex your ankle and point your toes to bring the top of your foot down. Hold this position for seconds. Repeat times. Complete this exercise times per day. Exercises B: Ankle Alphabet Imagine your big toe is a pen. Keeping your hip and knee still, write out the entire alphabet with your pen. 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Initially, when I first started this case study I thought, quite frankly, that the exercise was not really going to neither challenge me nor teach me a greater degree of theory than already understood. Although the concepts have not changed; the way in which I perceive them and apply them certainly has. Already it has changed the way inRead MoreCase Study Essay33967 Words   |  136 Pagesalcohol). †¢ Routine aerobic exercise, like walking, is also encouraged. Patients at risk for CAD should begin an exercise program under supervision and with the approval of their physician. It is important to start slowly and build up gradually. It is now recognized that any moderate activity is better than none. Studies have shown that long-term exercise compliance is better in individuals engaging in lower to moderate-intensity exercise rather than higher intensity exercise. 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Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registeredRead MoreNoughts and Crosses14387 Words   |  58 Pagesand design, add to their thoughts? Draw out ideas on contrast and conflict. Tell students that some editions of the novel include a quotation from Benjamin Zephaniah about the novel. He calls it ‘intelligent, emotional and imaginatively wicked’. Question his inclusion and tell them that he is a British-born West Indian writer who has written extensively on racial issues. Ask students what this knowledge adds to their speculation about the cover. Move swiftly on to look at other external featuresRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesData Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I Read MoreAr 670-1116218 Words   |  465 Pageshairstyles are acceptable, as long as they are neat and conservative. It is not possible to address every acceptable hairstyle, or what constitutes eccentric or conservative grooming. Therefore, it is the responsibility of leaders at all levels to exercise good judgment in the enforcement of Army policy. All soldiers will comply with the hair, fingernail, and grooming policies while in any military uniform or while in civilian clothes on duty. 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Coca- Cola Company

Question: Write an essay onCoca- Cola Company . Answer: Coca- Cola Company laid its foundation in 1886 and now is the leading manufacturer and distributor of the world. It is now currently operating in more than 200 countries having brands of more than 230 in number. Around 80% of the companys profit is from the United States. The Chairman of Coca Cola Company revealed that the main strength of the company is being global and it has achieved so by acting locally (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). The company effectiveness and profit level is due to their strong market share and competitive rank in the world. Initially the company was just geographically located in US but with time, it soon spread to the other countries by adopting the market development strategy. In addition, Coca Cola has separated its geographical units where each unit has an organizational and operational section (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). They have focused on the key elements of the markets, reporting lines and the flexibility so that the business gets adapted to such geographical features. Company Name % value Coca Cola 47 Cadbury Schweppes 8 Pepsi Cola 21 AmBev 1 Cott 2 Others 21 Total 100 Table 1: Global market share Source: (Smith 2016) The Coca Cola Company has its headquarters in the midtown of Atlanta, Georgia. A home country is important for any organization because it helps in building up that organization. The norm of the home countrys culture has been divided into psychological and institutional level. The psychological level defines individuals attitude, behavior for the organization and how they react to it whereas the institutional level defines those people who are group into the business organization where they are bound to work accordingly (Verbeke 2013). A home country can guide business organization very well because the people who are native to their hometown have same characteristics of culture. They have the same psychological understanding towards the work. Also they possess the same religious beliefs, behavior patterns and subcultures which add advantage to the growing business culture (Cavusgil et al. 2014). As per the Hofstedes theory, he defined the four dimensions, which has intensified the Coca Cola Company. These are Power distance: In this, the organization power has been accepted by the culture of the people but it is distributed unequally. The distribution is unequal which means that less power distance is related to the participation of the employee, which is very less and high power distance means that the hierarchy of the organization is increasing steeple with the leadership (Leonidou et al. 2015). Uncertainty avoidance: this defines that the countries having low avoidance of uncertainty requires more flexibility than bureaucracy does but the Coca Cola Company has a high avoidance of uncertainty where the priority is reflected more upon the organizations procedures and rituals (Wild et al. 2014). Individualism: this signifies that the individual should take care of himself or herself alone, which would be beneficial for the company. Masculinity: this refers to the materialistic success, achievement, and assertion of the Coca Cola Company. The Coca Cola Company has set up Supplier Guiding Principles for choosing the right suppliers for their company. These principles help the suppliers and the company to communicate between them so that the policies are implemented correctly. To understand this, the theory of value chain analysis is adopted which concentrates on the activities like starting of raw materials to its conversion to final products (Fojcik 2015). This theory has two categories primary activities, which include sales, distributions and operation activities, and the other is support activities, which comprises of human resources and RD. this value chain theory has proven to be beneficial because it has created much opportunities to secure the advantages of cost and the opportunities for the differentiation of the product (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). The value chain theory increases the organizations competitiveness. Reduction in costs, share of market is improved and the profit margin. The global value chains are t he most recent ones as it is more prevalent as it integrates the activities of the organizations on daily basis. It means that the workers and the firms, which are geographically separated, can intercommunicate with each other, which was not possible in the past (Teece 2014). This approach leads to the firm establishment of the organization. This global value chain is a framework, which mainly focuses on the retailers, merchandisers that govern the production and distribution globally. If the suppliers are foreign then there come many barriers in the organizations. The barrier could be of differences in language, methods of payment, and the transportation methods. The goods origin could be affected by the duty and the raw materials from the suppliers. Coca Cola has been selling its products in more than 200 countries so it has vast customer countries for running its organization (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). The customer countries favor globalization. There are two type of customer industry, which favors an organization. They are the facsimile customer industry who emphasizes more on the homogenous factors and the furniture customer industry whose factors or needs are given by the local culture, tastes etc. This company has the planned method of market entry strategies where it role is to deliver the services or goods to the market that is in target and distributing the products. In the case of exporting or importing the services, the market entry strategies refer to managing and establishing contracts in the other countries (Forsgren and Johanson 2014). The internationalization strategy helps the organization to expand its business outside its domestic domain. They help in making the organization go international by entering new markets; it helps in the cost reduction and enhances competitiveness of the organization. it helps in the exploitation of the core competencies in the new market, helps in sharing higher market risks, the lower cost of labor, lower tax, the natural resources which are cheaper are some of the facilities given by the internationalization strategies (Mellahi and Frynas 2015). Thus, the internationalization strategies help the organization by getting them access to the various markets, helps to get capital from the foreign markets, it also lead to the access to the production valuables of the organization, helps to corporate risk management. It also helps in the launching of new products in the market. Coca Cola has a major partnership with the WWF to conserve water, as it is one of the most important elements of the nature, which needs conservation. These two companies have a partnership since 2007 to conserve the freshwater (Coca-cola.co.uk 2016). Their partnership aims to provide healthy basins of freshwater in the Mesoamerican Reef in Mexico. These two companies are trying to address the challenges of the natural resources by changing the freshwater impact and thus improving the performance of the environmental conditions. This improvement is done across the supply chain of the company, where its core value is integrated to make some decisions about the process and explaining the influential nearby partners to solve the global challenges of the environment. The partnerships of these two companies are on a global basis but they also serve locally in many of the countries to conserve water and create a secure future of water (Radebaugh et al. 2015). As more and more of the allian ces are, being made up in the company they need a strategic alliance, which would make their organization much better and on a higher level. Revenue was considered to be as the major alliance but this was not the only thing there are five other criteria, which determines the strategic alliance of the organization. These criteria are making the business objective as it core goal. Developing the competency of the organization or serves as the reliable source of competitive advantage, the blocking of a competitive threat is another criterion, making the choices, which are strategic for the organization, and last is the risk to the business organization (Thome and Medeiros 2016). The issue with developing such strategic alliance is that the organization needs to figure out as which criteria should be used where and how and what would be the effect of such criteria on the company because if any of the partners misunderstands the strategic alliance then it would lead to the fall of the or ganization. Coca Cola is one of the most recognized and biggest beverage companies in the world. It spreads to more than 200 countries having more than 3000 products. The success of this company is due to the strategy, the rules it follows, and the way it takes care of its employees. They do so by making the environment of the place peaceful and having union among the employees. The company has also formulated some policies for the safety of the company and it employees. The company is so huge and has it branches almost everywhere that it has created some databases to keep an account of their customers, suppliers and how they are doing business with their consumers. This company has been able to set up its market strategies to bring a revolution by making its business high, launching more and more of products and increasing the competition with the other companies. Thus, the new companies are unable to keep up with the growing pace. References: Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International Australia.business. Pearson Coca-cola.co.uk. 2016. Company Structure | Cocaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœCola System | Coca-Cola GB. [online] Available at: https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us [Accessed 23 Jun. 2016]. Fojcik, T.M., 2015. International Business Strategy: Rethinking the Foundations of Global Corporate Success, Cambridge University Press, 2013.Management International Review,55(1), p.151. Forsgren, M. and Johanson, J., 2014.Managing networks in international business. Routledge. Leonidou, L.C., Fotiadis, T.A., Christodoulides, P., Spyropoulou, S. and Katsikeas, C.S., 2015. Environmentally friendly export business strategy: Its determinants and effects on competitive advantage and performance.International Business Review,24(5), pp.798-811. Mellahi, K. and Frynas, G., 2015.Global strategic management. Oxford University Press. Radebaugh, L.H., Sullivan, D.P. and Daniels, J.D., 2015.International business: Environments and operations. Pearson Education. Smith, L. 2016. Foodline Market. [online] Foodlineweb.co.uk. Available at: https://www.foodlineweb.co.uk/foodline/market.aspx [Accessed 23 Jun. 2016]. Teece, D.J., 2014. A dynamic capabilities-based entrepreneurial theory of the multinational enterprise.Journal of International Business Studies,45(1), pp.8-37. Thom, K.M. and Medeiros, J.J., 2016. Drivers of successful international business strategy: Insights from the evolution of a trading company. International Journal of Emerging Markets,11(1), pp.89-110. Verbeke, A. 2013.International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., and Han, J. C. 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.